Demography 49(2):677698. [44], Today, the U.S. is recognized as having both low fertility and mortality rates. Popul Dev Rev 37(4):721747. While improvements in contraception do play a role in birth rate decline, it should be noted that contraceptives were not generally available nor widely used in the 19th century and as a result likely did not play a significant role in the decline then. All human populations are believed to have had this balance until the late 18th century, when this balance ended in Western Europe. Shifts in population between regions account for most of the differences in growth. endobj The Demographic Transition: A Contemporary Look at a Classic Model - PRB The United Nations Population Fund (2008) categorizes nations as high-fertility, intermediate-fertility, or low-fertility. Over the past 300 years, population demographics have continued to evolve as a result of the relationship between the birth and death rates within a country. <> The need for an evolutionarily informed approach to understanding low fertility", "Quand l'Angleterre rattrapait la France", "Policy lessons of the East Asian demographic transition", "Demographic Transition in India: An Evolutionary Interpretation of Population and Health Trends Using 'Change-Point Analysis', "The Urban Mortality Transition in the United States, 18001940", "The "second demographic transition": a conceptual map for the understanding of late modern demographic developments in fertility and family formation", "The Idea of a Second Demographic Transition in Industrialized Countries", "The second demographic transition: A concise overview of its development", "The Demographic Transition and the Emergence of Sustained Economic Growth", "Policy Implications of the Next World Demographic Transition", Policy Lessons of the East Asian Demographic Transition, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographic_transition&oldid=1152341812, In stage three, birth rates fall due to various, During stage four there are both low birth rates and low death rates. 0 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00328.x, Lesthaeghe R (2014) The second demographic transition: a concise overview of its development. 0000001330 00000 n [21], From the point of view of evolutionary biology, wealthier people having fewer children is unexpected, as natural selection would be expected to favor individuals who are willing and able to convert plentiful resources into plentiful fertile descendants. J Fam Theory Rev 6(1):3544.

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