When a muscle is stretched, sensory neurons within the muscle spindle detect the degree of stretch and send a signal to the CNS. To respond to a threatto fight or to run awaythe sympathetic system causes diverse effects as many different effector organs are activated together for a common purpose. The preganglionic fibers can synapse on ganglionic neurons here or extend to one of the prevertebral (collateral) ganglia via the splanchnic nerves (splanchnic nerve pathway). Their axons synaps The somatic nervous system consciously detects sensory stimuli from the special senses, skin and proprioceptors. The connections, or circuits, of the parasympathetic division are similar to the general layout of the sympathetic division with a few specific differences. A few pathways originating from the brainstem contribute to this system. Instead, it extends away from the ganglion through a sympathetic nerve. Postganglionic fibers from this ganglion terminate to the parotid salivary glands. The sympathetic system is responsible for the physiological responses to emotional states. This system regulates a variety of involuntary body processes, some of which include heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, body temperature, and emotion response. This hormonal component means that the sympathetic chemical signal can spread throughout the body very quickly and affect many organ systems at once. The example described at the beginning of the chapter involved heat and pain sensations from a hot stove causing withdrawal of the arm through a connection in the spinal cord that leads to contraction of the biceps brachii (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). They are used for tasks that require large brief bursts of energy, such as jumping or running. If there is damage to the sensory system, the following symptoms may exist: Treatments used for somatic nervous system issues range from taking medication or doing physical therapy to needing nerve ablation or surgery. Somatic motor neurons originate in the central nervous system, project their axons to skeletal muscles (such as the muscles of the limbs, abdominal, and intercostal muscles ), which are involved in locomotion. The three types of these neurons are the alpha efferent neurons, beta efferent neurons, and gamma efferent neurons. One example is the ability of our breathing to switch to unconscious control while we are focused on another task. We also provide a few examples of how the somatic nervous system works, as well as how it is different from the autonomic nervous system. Eight come from the cervical portion of the spine, 12 are in the thoracic region, both the lumbar and sacral regions have five spinal nerves, and one is near the tailbone.

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