Gene Gerzhoy, Alliance Coercion and Nuclear Restraint: How the United States Thwarted West Germany's Nuclear Ambitions, International Security, Vol. 587613, doi.org/10.1111/J.1468-2478.2010.00601.x. Well before President Donald Trump began rhetorically attacking U.S. allies and the open international trading system, policy analysts worried about challenges to the liberal international order (LIO). To improve analysis and debate of U.S. foreign policy, scholars, policy analysts, and policymakers should discontinue use of the term liberal international order and its variants, including hegemonic liberal order. First, for reasons discussed above, the LIO concept provides little analytic leverage; it is inward looking, and certain of its arguments are theoretically weak. 2 (Spring 1999), pp. Scholars and policymakers frequently create confusion by using the term to refer to both. G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 23. On preserving the liberal order, but also the limits that should be placed on democracy promotion, see Michael W. Doyle, A Liberal View: Preserving and Expanding the Liberal Pacific Order, in T.V. See Robert B. McCalla, NATO's Persistence after the Cold War, International Organization, Vol. 176184. 100103. Although the main influences moulding institutional change in each state have been internal, state transformation has been an international process of interrelated responses to global change. 93, No. 3133. In fact, the per capita income/democracy correlation may not reflect a greater probability of transition, but instead a greater probability that once a transition to democracy occurs, wealthy states are less likely to revert to authoritarian rule. A different possibility is that economic openness increases U.S. security: openness advantages the U.S. economy or its allies economies, or both, which increases their military potential. 169173. International commerce aided by liberal. 7578, 147155, 165180. 2 The UN General Assembly hall. Through internationalism, partisan nations can achieve greater goals than they would achieve independently. For example, a variety of theories have identified positive interactions between U.S. alliances and the open economic system.

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