In the early Victorian period disease transmission was largely understood as a matter of inherited susceptibility (today's 'genetic' component) and individual intemperance ('lifestyle'), abetted by climate and location, which were deemed productive of noxious exhalations (a version of environmental causation). Many people believed that God created the universe and he was the sole creator, therefore the principles and the. From 1866 notions that disease was caused and cured by mental or spiritual power alone were circulated by the Christian Science movement. For Pearl, these various uses of physiognomy were driven most of all by urbanisation and its associated threats of anonymity and disorder. Victorian Review These limitations, together with the relatively high cost of medical attendance, led to the rise (or extension) of alternative therapies including homeopathy, naturopathy ('herbal remedies'), hydropathy (water cures), mesmerism (hypnotism) and galvanism (electric therapy) as well as blatant fraudulence through the promotion of useless pills, powders and coloured liquids. Over the period, sexualised theories of insanity were steadily imposed on mad women, in ways that were unmistakably manipulative. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The History of Physiognomy - About Physiognomy Discover the many treasures in the beautiful V&A galleries, find out where events are happening in the Museum or just check the location of the caf, shops, lifts or toilets. Project MUSE Writers such as Thomas Love Peacock (1785-1866) and Thomas Hood (1799-1845) initially satirized phrenology, as did playwright and composer William S. Gilbert (1836-1911). In Comparative Physiognomy, Redfield compares human attributes and their level of trustworthiness to characteristics of wild animals, similar to Bronte's description of Graham's red hair in Villette as "lion's locks" (Chap. 1992 The Johns Hopkins University Press Anatomy is a branch of biology that deals with the bodily structure of human beings or other organisms as revealed by dissection and separation of parts while Paleontology is a branch of science concerned with animal and plant fossils. Its current mandate is to publish the best international research in this interdisciplinary field, as well as to provide critical reviews of new books in Victorian studies by experts from around the world.

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